Tshekh

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aldok2
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Tshekh

Postitus Postitas aldok2 » 14 Jaan 2020, 13:23

Kas keegi suudab mulle ära seletada, mis asjad on nn vene tsekhid? Visuaalselt meenutavad Poola-Rootsi-Saksa dreipölkereid, ka ajastu klapib, samas ei sobi need Vene mündisüsteemi. Manuses üks selline näide. MIngid mündid, mis tehtud välismaal käibimiseks?
Sul pole õigusi, et siin postituses manuseid näha.

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muhfff
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Re: Tshekh

Postitus Postitas muhfff » 14 Jaan 2020, 13:32

Pole õrna aimugi miks neid tegelikult tehti, aga mul on hüpotees.
1686 (see sama aastaarv on vist selle mündi peal) sõlmiti Venemaa ja Poola-Leedu vahel rahuleping (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of ... ace_(1686))
Vastavalt sellele lepingule maksis Venemaa Poola-Leedule 146000 rubla kompensatsiooni. Võib-olla tehti siis seda sellistes müntides.

Aga täiesti vabalt võis olla ka mõni muu põhjus.
Ostan Eesti, Tsaari-Vene ja NSVL münte, kodurahasid jne. Huvi korral raha kohe kätte! Pakkumised kas PM või eestimynt@gmail.com

aldok2
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Re: Tshekh

Postitus Postitas aldok2 » 14 Jaan 2020, 13:55

Kusagilt jooksis läbi, et tehti Ukrainas omandatud territooriumidel käibimiseks, kus rahvas oli harjunud poolasüsteemis mündiga. Selle 1686 lepinguga läksidki mõned Ukraina alad Poola-Leedu alt Vene kontrolli alla. Selles mõttes võiks sobida küll. Aga täpsemalt pole ka asja uurinud, siit siis lootus, et keegi foorumist teab paremini ja ei pea ise aega kulutama.

aldok2
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Re: Tshekh

Postitus Postitas aldok2 » 14 Jaan 2020, 14:22

Ise küsin, ise vastan :) Leidsin netist ühe kirjutise, seal tundub, et on mitmeid versioone. https://archive.org/stream/numismaticsi ... i_djvu.txt

THE REASON FOR STRIKING OF CHEKHS IN SEVSK
V. V. Zaitsev

Translated by Thomas C. Day

The short duration of the issuance of coins in the town of Sevsk in 1686-1687 is one of the most peculiar chapters in the history of the Russian monetary system of the 17th century. This uncommon coinage has repeatedly attracted the attention of historians and numismatists alike. Even today, numerous questions regarding it have not been settled definitively.

The Sevsk chekh acquires an aura of mystery, first of all, by its outward appearance which is utterly uncommon for Russian coins of its times. Towards the end of the 17th century, the Russian monetary system had an extremely archaic aspect, having been adopted generally during the monetary reforms of Yelena Glinskaya in 1535- 1537. Actually, coins of only two denominations, kopecks and dengas (1/2 kopecks), were found in circulation. These coins were struck on flattened segments of silver wire and were very small, which caused much inconvenience. 1 The coins struck at Sevsk were larger and had a correct round shape, while the obverse and reverse appeared to copy almost wholly the Polish polturak, a type which was widely used in the markets of the Ukraine in the 17th century and was known locally as the "chekha".

I I IcM

On the obverse of the Sevsk coins appears the Russian coat-of-arms: the crowned double-headed eagle. The surrounding legend gives the names and titles of the joint tsars: Ivan and Peter Alexievitch. Lack of space caused the legend to be abbreviated to the first letter of each word. The central part of the reverse carries the orb with radial cross. The circular legend gives the place and date of issue.

One of the more important mysteries, unanswered until now, was the question of what the purpose of this unusual issue may have been. The literature offers a variety of answers. Thus, as early as 1781, M. D. Chulkov wrote in his history of Russian commerce: "In the reign of Peter the Great, a coin was specially issued for commerce with Poland and was called the chekh of Sevsk." 2 From then on until the beginning of the 20th century, the belief that the Sevsk chekhs were struck for commerce with Poland remained prevalent There appeared, however, other versions to this theory. For example, Baron S. de Chaudoir in 1837 suggested that "this coin was made by Poles of Sevsk at the time of their invasion of Russia to support the False Dmitri or Vladislav, the son of Sigismund IE...". 3 Finally, from the time M. G. Demmeni’s authoritative article appeared in 1909, the consensus in numismatic publications about these coins has been that the Sevsk chekh was special "regional" money intended for circulation in the Ukraine. 4 Elaborating on this idea, I. G. Spasski noted that the Sevsk chekh, a Russian "provincial" coin, was intended to circulate along with the various foreign coins still prevalent in the Ukraine. But the literature continued to offer varied suppositions, sometimes quite unexpected, as to the genesis of these coins. For example, as late as 1970, I. M. Polozov, discussing the findings of 14th- 15th century hoards of Prague groschen in the Bryansk region of western Russia, believed that there existed a brisk trade between the sister Slavic Russian and Czech nations and concluded that this commerce "was so intensive that a little later, on the Russian tsar’s orders, a special coinage for commerce between the two countries was launched in the town of Sevsk." However, the basic character of the Sevsk chekhs clearly showed in commerce with Ruthenia, Bohemia and Poland. The coins were of such base-alloy that the government had to send special "enforcers", who were authorized to impose the death penalty, to try to force the population to take these coins. But even threats didn’t help. Thus, an imperial edict dated 16th of September 1687 stated that "In according to the recommendations from our representative Neplyuyev, Russian chekhs are hereby withdrawn...for citizens of Putivl and merchants and traders decline to accept these chekhs for bread or for other necessities; they accept silver money and Polish chekhs instead, and many townspeople are without bread and are dying of hunger, and disorder prevails in the region of Putivl." It goes without saying that the chekh coin, which the authorities had unsuccessfully tried to force on their subjects under pain of death, would not have succeeded well in trade with foreign countries. In the second half of the 17th century, the markets of the Ukraine were flooded with inferior base-alloy coins of small denominations. The great bulk of circulating money was composed of Polish, Prussian and Swedish billon minor coinage as well as copper Lithuanian and Polish solidi of Ian Casimir II. In these circumstances, the Russian kopeck officially equaled the polturak and being of much better silver, in spite of its archaic aspect knew hardly any competition in the Ukraine from other coins. This circumstance had a negative side to it, however. According to Gresham’s Law, presence of coins of the same nominal value but of different bullion content brings about the spontaneous withdrawal from circulation of the coins of better intrinsic quality. 7 The effect of this law means that the few silver kopecks that appeared on the markets of the Ukraine hardly ever returned to the public coffers. These higher quality coins were withdrawn from circulation and melted into ingots and carried out of the country or were used by silversmiths. Numerous financial documents of the second half of the 17th century say clearly that the Ukrainian and Russian populations preferred to pay all taxes and duties using the "copper Lithuanian money", which often resulted in the scarcity in the treasury of silver money for the payment of troops. For example, a formal reply of the Sevsk voevode Ivan Likharev and his clerk Boris Ostolopov to tsar Feodor Alexievitch, written in 1676, stated that: "In Sevsk and its district, merchants and all other traders buy and sell bread and foodstuffs with Lithuanian money. Neither vodka nor wine nor honey is purchased with silver coins or silver bars. Duties and customs are not paid with silver money either. At present, the local major general, colonel and commanders are short seven hundred fifty- six roubles and ten altyns in overdue pay. However, copper Lithuanian money received at customs and through the liquor tax, the major general, the colonel and the commanders decline to accept." This situation posed a serious threat to the State, for the Russian government needed to keep large military forces in the Ukraine because of its unceasing struggle with Poland. In addition, there were several thousand Cossacks who needed to be paid. Thus the plan put forward in the 1670’s, more than a dozen years before the Sevsk chekh was actually issued, of striking the Putivl chekh (later the Sevsk check) seems none other than an attempt, though even partial, to replace the higher quality Russian kopeck with a Russian equivalent of the lower quality Western European coin for meeting the pay of the Russian military in the region. The opinion of M. G. Demmeni about the initial project of the Putivl chekh as a regional coin, foretells the real chekh of Sevsk of 1686. The Sevsk coin came into existence, evidently, as an indirect result of the petitions of the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Samoilovitch to the Russian tsar.

The hetman’s yearning to get his own territorial money is easy to understand: he hoped to secure a regular regional coinage using the circulating coinage as a source of raw material by withdrawing from circulation all Polish coins. The hetman also understood that the new coins should be intrinsically competitive: thus he repeatedly reminds in his messages that these coins should not be inferior to Polish coins. As M. G. Demmeni points out from the correspondence of the hetman Samoilovitch with the Russian government, the hetman’s solicitation gave Moscow no special problem. The Russian government made it clear from the very beginning that it expects to coin the new money under full quality control. It is clear that Moscow was interested in the economic advantage of exchanging higher quality coins with the lower quality ones in payment of salaries. Thus, after long discussion and delays, when it was finally decided to strike the new cheklis in Putivl in 1677, it was proposed that, to start with, these coins would be struck up to a modest limit of ± 100 poods (4000 Russian pounds). This idea of so limiting the coinage made hetman Samoilovitch very cool to the idea of striking chekhs at all, and thus the coinage at Putivl came to naught.

This idea was again brought forward in 1686. The initiative this time, to all appearances, came directly from the Russian government, the reason being the preparations for Russia’s projected Crimean campaign. Large expenditures were to be expected, therefore a means of building up cash reserves became urgent. The place of minting of the chekhs was logically Sevsk - the assembly point of troops leaving for the South. As the issue resulted from special circumstances, Moscow from the beginning considered it as temporary. Indirectly supporting this is the fact that all known chekhs of Sevsk are dated 1686. The main purpose for the minting of the chekhs was to cover military expenses in the Ukraine, deliberately using inferior money, for the government was not in the least concerned with the coin’s competitiveness. Having accomplished its mission in the Ukraine, the government withdrew the chekh of Sevsk as of September, 1687.

In conclusion, it should be noted that Russian monetary measures of the 17th century give many examples of coins being called into being through extraordinary circumstances. It is enough to remember the gold coins of Vassili Shuiskii struck to pay Swedish mercenaries, or the 1655 yefimok, counterstamped on European talers, which arose partly out of the war in the Ukraine. If one were to look at the Sevsk chekh in relation to these issues, it is possible that the coin would no longer seem such a strange and enigmatic piece.

Notes and References


1. I. G. Spasski. The Russian Monetary System. Leningrad, 1962.
2. A historical description of Russian commerce at all ports and borders from ancient
times until the present day and all laws from Peter the Great until Catherine the Great,
a work of Mihail D. Chulkov. St Petersburg, 1781. Vol. 1, Book 1.
3. Commentary on Russian and foreign money which circulated in Russia since
ancient times: work of Baron Stanislav de Chaudoir. St. Petersburg, 1837.
4. M. G. Demmeni. "The matter of the coining of the Sevsk chekh." Records of the
imperial Russian archeological society. St. Petersburg, 1909. Vol. 1.
5. I. M. Polozov. "Coins - memorials to a material culture." In the book: Memorials
to the history and culture of the Bryansk region. Bryansk, 1970.
6. Code of laws of the Russian empire since 1649. Volume 2, 1676-1688, St.
Petersburg, 1830.
7. A. C. Beliakov. "Numismatics." In the book: Introduction to special historical
disciplines. Moscow, 1990.
8. A. C. Melnikova. The history of monetary circulation in the Ukraine in the 17th
century. Soviet archives. 1970, No. 6.

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